Options computer components
Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Site Map. Overview Expand Your Knowledge Checkpoint Practice Test. Overview Describe the components in the system unit Explain how the CPU uses the four steps of a machine cycle to process data Define a bit and describe components a series of bits represents data Differentiate between the various types of memory Describe the types of expansion slots and cards in the system unit Explain the difference between a serial, a parallel, and a USB port Describe how buses contribute to a computer's processing speed Identify components in a notebook computer Identify components in a handheld computer Chapter 4 presented the components in the system unit, described how memory stores data, instructions, and information, and discussed the sequence of operations that occur when a computer executes an instruction. The chapter included a comparison of various microprocessors on the market today. Describe the components in the system unit. The system unitsometimes called the chassisis a box-like case housing the electronic components of a computer that are used to process data. System unit components include the processor, memory module, cards, ports, and connectors. The motherboard contains many different types of chipsor small pieces of semiconducting material, on which one or more integrated circuits IC are etched. An integrated circuit is a microscopic pathway capable of carrying electronic current. Each IC can contain millions of transistorswhich act as switches for electronic signals. Computer how the CPU uses the four steps of a machine cycle to process data. The control unit directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer. For every instruction, the control unit repeats a set of four options operations called the machine cycle: Specifically, the ALU carries out three operations: Intel is a leading manufacturer of personal computer processors. Intel-compatible processors have the same internal design as Intel processors and perform the same functions, but are made by other companies and often are less expensive. An alternative design to the Intel-style processor, the Motorola processoris found in Apple Macintosh and Power Macintosh systems. A new type of processor designed for lower-costing personal computers and Internet appliances, called an integrated CPUcombines functions of a processor, memory, and a video card on a single chip. Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data. Most computers are digitalmeaning they understand only two discrete states: These states are represented using two digits, 0 off and 1 on. Each on or off value is called a bit short for bi nary digi tthe smallest unit of data a computer can handle. Eight bits grouped together as a unit form a byte. A byte provides enough different combinations of 0s and 1s to represent individual characters including numbers, letters of the alphabet, punctuation components, and other characters. The combinations of 0s and 1s used to represent data are defined by patterns called coding computer. Popular coding schemes are ASCIIEBCDIC, and Unicode. Coding schemes make it possible for humans to interact with a digital computer that recognizes only bits. Differentiate between the various types of memory. Memory is a temporary storage place for data, instructions, and information. Memory stores the operating system, application programs, and the data processed by application programs. A byte is the basic storage unit in memory. Memory size is measured by the number of bytes available for use. A kilobyte KB or K of memory is approximately one thousand bytes, a megabyte MB is approximately computer million bytes, and a gigabyte GB is approximately one billion bytes. The system unit contains several types of memory. RAM random access memory consists of memory chips that the processor can read from and write to. Two basic types of RAM chips are dynamic RAM and static RAM. Dynamic RAM DRAM must be components constantly or it loses its contents. Static RAM SRAM is faster and more reliable than DRAM and has options be re-energized less often, but it is much more expensive. Memory cachealso called a cache store or RAM cacheimproves processing time by storing frequently used instructions and data. ROM read-only memory refers to memory computer that only can be read and used; that is, they cannot be modified. A variation of the ROM chip, called programmable read-only memory PROMis a blank chip on which you can place items permanently. Flash memoryalso known as flash ROM or flash RAMis nonvolatile memory that computer be erased electronically and reprogrammed. Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor CMOS memoryanother type of memory chip, stores configuration information about the computer and uses battery power to retain information when the power to the computer is off. Describe the types of expansion slots and cards in the system unit. An expansion slot is an opening, or socket, where you can insert a circuit options into the motherboard. These circuit boards called cardsexpansion cardsboardsexpansion boardsadaptersadapter cardsinterface cardsadd-insor add-ons -- add new devices or capabilities to the computer. Four types of expansion cards found in most computers are a video card, a sound card, a network interface card, and a modem card. A video card converts computer output components a video signal that is sent through a cable to the monitor, which displays an image. A sound card enhances the sound-generating capabilities of a personal computer by allowing sound to be input through a microphone and output through speakers. A network interface card NIC is a communications device that allows the computer to communicate via a network. A modem card is a communications device that enables computer to communicate via telephone lines or other means. Explain the difference between a serial, a parallel, and a USB port. A cable often attaches external devices to the system unit. A port is the interface, or point of attachment, to the system unit. Ports have different types of connectorswhich are used to join a cable to a device. Male connectors have one or more exposed pins, while female connectors have matching holes to accept the pins. Most computers have three types of ports: A serial port is a type of interface that connects a device to the system options by transmitting data only one bit at a time. Serial ports usually connect devices that do not require fast data transmission rates, such as a mouse, keyboard, or modem. A parallel port is an interface that connects devices by transferring more than one bit at a time. Many printers connect to the system unit using a parallel port. A universal serial bus USB port can connect up to different peripheral devices with a single connector type, greatly simplifying the process of attaching options to a personal computer. Describe how buses contribute to a computer' s processing speed. Bits are transferred internally within the circuitry of the computer along electrical channels. Each channel, called a busallows various devices inside and attached to the computer unit to communicate with each other. The bus widthor size of the bus, determines the number of bits that can be components at one time. The larger the bus width, the fewer number of transfer steps required and the faster the transfer of data. In most computers word size the number of bits the CPU can process at a given time is the options as the bus width. Every bus also has a clock speed. The higher the bus clock speed, the faster the transmission of data, which results in applications running faster. A computer has two basic types of buses. A system bus connects the CPU to main memory. An expansion bus allows the CPU to communicate with peripheral devices. Identify components in a notebook computer. A notebook computer, also called a laptop computer, can run either using batteries or using a standard power supply. In addition to the motherboard, processor, options, sound card, PC Card slot, and drive bay, the system unit for a notebook computer also houses other devices, such as the keyboard, pointing device, speakers, and display. Identify components in a handheld computer. Handheld computers run strictly on battery. Similar to desktop and notebook computers, handheld computers have a system unit that contains electronic components that process data. Handheld computers often have an IrDA port so you can communicate wirelessly with other computers. Many also include a serial port. Expand Your Knowledge The system unit The CPU Processor comparison Data representation Memory Expansion slots and expansion cards Ports Buses Notebook computers Handheld computers Components you will find additional information that will expand and enhance your knowledge beyond that contained in your textbook. Compare this information to what may be provided in a traditional classroom by your instructor or peers. The motherboard in the system unit contains different types of chips. Manufacturers package chips so the chips can be attached to circuit boards, such as the motherboard. Types of chip packages include: The power of personal computer processor chips the chips that contain the CPU has grown at an astounding rate. As chips become older and more widely used, price cuts usually are introduced. Several factors affect CPU processing speed. CPUs also use high-speed storage locations, called registersto hold data and instructions temporarily. The control unit relies on a small chip called the system clock to synchronize all computer operations. The speed at which a processor executes instructions is called clock speedor clock rateand is measured in megahertz MHz. The system clock is a major factor affecting processor speed. A higher clock speed means the CPU can process more instructions per second. There are three forms of upgrades: The past three years have seen a steady drop in the cost of computers. PC prices plunged as a computer of lower prices for processors, memory chips, and hard drives. Consumers also are showing increased interest in new less powerful, but less expensive, personal computers that work perfectly well for the most popular uses word processing, Internet access, and spreadsheet components. Just as the decimal system 10 digits components suited to human anatomy 10 fingersthe binary system 2 digits is perfect to represent the on-off states 2 states of a computer. Basic coding standards make it computer for components within computers to communicate, allow manufacturers to be confident that the components they produce will operate correctly in a computer, and enable consumers options purchase components that are compatible with their systems. In the ASCII-8 and EBCDIC codes, the first four characters represent the zone, and the last four characters represent the digits 1 through 8. ASCII, originally a seven-bit code, was expanded to eight bits in an effort to provide for symbols used in other nations. Unicode, a 2-byte bit code, can represent 2 16or 65, characters. Because computers use the binary number system, the actual values for the units in which memory and storage are measured are based on powers of 2. When RAM is purchased it comes in banks of nine chips eight are needed to represent a byte and the ninth is needed for parity. RAM chips usually are packaged on small circuit boards called single inline memory modules SIMMs or dual inline memory modules DIMMs that are inserted into the motherboard. During the past 20 years, the price of RAM has dropped an average of 20 percent each year, but its capacity has more than doubled every two years. Similar to flash ROM, another variation of ROM, called EEPROM electrically erasable programmable read-only memorycan be erased electrically and rewritten. Because of its nonvolatile nature, EEPROM is used in electronic cash registers to store item prices. The amount of time it takes the processor to read data from memory, called access timedirectly affects how fast the computer can process data. Memory access time is measured in terms of componentsor billionths of options second. Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards. Plug and Play was a much-touted feature of the Windows 95 and Windows 98 operating systems. A PC Card slot, usually located on the side of a notebook computer, allows a PC Card to be changed without having to open the system unit. There are three types of PC Cards: Port connectors are devised to be foolproof each is designed so it can fit only one type of socket in only one correct position. Serial ports always are male on the system case. Cables connected to parallel ports often are employed over shorter distances. A highway analogy can help clarify how bus width affects the speed of data transfer. Data moves like cars the more lanes greater the bus width the faster the traffic data flow. Ideally, buses used to transfer data should be large enough to use the processing power of registers. Sometimes, however, manufacturers reduce bus size to cut costs. Theoretically, if word size doubles then processor throughput also could double. The types of expansion buses on a motherboard determine the types of cards you can add to a computer. Types of expansion buses include: One of the most popular handheld computers is the Palm Pilot from 3Com. First introduced ina recent version, Palm IIIc, offers a color screen and an expandable, full-sized keyboard. Another pioneering components computer is Visor from Handspring. Visor runs the Palm operating system and features an expansion slot that can accommodate add-ons such as digital cameras and music players. Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8. Overview Describe the components in the system unit Explain how the CPU uses the four steps of a machine cycle to process data Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data Computer between the various types of memory Describe the types of expansion slots and cards in the system unit Explain the difference between a serial, a parallel, and a USB port Describe how buses contribute to a computer's processing speed Identify components in a notebook computer Identify components in a handheld computer. Expand Your Knowledge The system unit The CPU Processor comparison Data representation Memory Expansion slots and expansion cards Ports Buses Notebook computers Handheld computers. Describe the components in the system unit Explain how the CPU uses the four steps of a machine cycle to process data Define a bit and describe how a series of bits represents data Differentiate between the various types of memory. Describe the types of expansion slots and cards in the system unit Explain the difference between a serial, a parallel, and a USB port Describe how buses contribute to a computer's processing speed Identify components in a notebook computer Identify components in a handheld computer. The system unit The Options Processor comparison Data representation Memory. Expansion slots and expansion cards Ports Buses Notebook computers Handheld computers.
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